Essentials for Tree Seed Propagation

Essentials for Tree Seed Propagation Trees use seeds as a principal means of establishing their next generation in the natural world. Seeds serve as a delivery system for the transfer of genetic material from one generation to the next. This fascinating chain of events (the formation of seed to dispersal to germination) is very complex and still poorly understood. Some trees can easily be grown from seed but, for some trees, it may be much quicker and easier to propagate them from cuttings. Seed propagation can be a tricky process for a number of tree species. A small seedling can be very tiny and delicate when first germinated and often require much more care than a cutting. Seeds collected off tree hybrids or grafted stock can be sterile or the tree may  be off-character from the parent. For example, seeds collected from a pink dogwood will most likely flower white. What Stops Seeds From Germinating There are a number of important reasons a seed refuses to germinate under artificial conditions. Two major causes for unsuccessful tree seed germination are hard seed coats and dormant seed embryos. Both conditions are species-specific and every tree species has to subject the seeds to unique conditions to assure germination. Treating the seed properly is necessary before germination occurs and a seedling can be assured. Seed scarification and stratification are the most common methods of seed treatment and they will increase the chances of seed or nut germination. Scarification and Stratification The hard protective coating on some tree seeds is natures way of protecting the seed. But hard coats on some hard seed species actually inhibit the germination of the seed, because water and air cannot penetrate the hard coating. Interestingly, many tree seeds require two dormant periods (two winters) before the protective coating breaks down enough to germinate. The seeds must lay on the ground completely dormant for one full growing season, and then germinate the following growing season. Scarification is an artificial way to prepare hard seed coats for germination. There are three methods or treatments that will usually make seed-coats permeable to water: soaking in a solution of sulfuric acid, soaking in hot water or immersing the seed for a short period in boiling water, or mechanical scarification. Many dormant tree seeds need to be after-ripened before they can germinate. This is the most common cause of seeds failing to germinate. If the seed embryo produced by a tree is dormant, it must be stored at the proper temperature and in the presence of abundant supplies of moisture and air. Stratification is the process of mixing the seed in a moist (not wet) medium like peat moss, sand or sawdust, then placed in a storage container and stored in an area where the temperature is controlled at a low enough level to ripen the seed. This storage is usually over a definite period of time at a specific temperature (around 40 degrees F). Methods of Tree Seed Treatment by Species Hickory: This tree nut is generally considered to exhibit embryo dormancy. The common treatment is to stratify the nuts in a moist medium at 33 to 50 degrees F for 30 to 150 days. If cold storage facilities are not available, stratification in a pit with a covering of about 0.5 m (1.5 feet) of compost, leaves, or soil to prevent freezing will suffice. Prior to any cold stratification, nuts should be soaked in water at room temperature for two to four days with one or two water changes each day.Black Walnut: A walnut is generally considered to exhibit embryo dormancy. The common treatment is to stratify the nuts in a moist medium at 33 to 50 degrees F for two or three months. Although the seed coat is extremely hard it usually cracks, becomes water permeable, and does not need scarification.Pecan: A pecan does not fall into dormancy like other hickories and can be planted at any time with the expectation that the embryo will germinate. Still, the  pecan nut  is often collected and cold-stored for planting the next spring. Oak: Acorns of the white oak group generally have little or no dormancy and will germinate almost immediately after falling. These species should usually be planted in the fall. Acorns of the black oak group that exhibit variable dormancy and stratification are usually recommended before spring sowing. For best results, moist acorns should be held for four to 12 weeks at temperatures of 40 to 50 degrees F and can be placed in plastic bags without a medium, if turned frequently.Persimmon: Natural germination of common persimmon usually occurs in April or May, but two- to three-year delays have been observed. The main cause of the delay is a seed covering that causes a major decrease in water absorption. Seed dormancy also needs to be broken by stratification in sand or peat for 60 to 90 days at 37 to 50 degrees F. Persimmon is hard to artificially germinate.Sycamore:  American sycamore  needs no dormancy, and pre-germination treatments are usually not required for prompt germinati on.Pine: Seeds of most pines in temperate climates are shed in the autumn and germinate promptly the next spring. Seeds of most pines germinate without treatment, but germination rates and amounts are greatly increased by pretreating the seeds. This means storing seeds using moist, cold stratification. Elm: Under natural conditions, elm seeds that ripen in the spring usually germinate in the same growing season. Seeds that ripen in the fall germinate in the following spring. Although seeds of most elm species require no planting treatment, American elm will remain dormant until the second season.Beech: Seeds from beech trees need to overcome dormancy and require cold stratification for prompt germination. The seeds may take a combination of stratification and storage. Seed moisture level is the key to successful stratification in beech seeds. Beech is difficult to artificially germinate in significant amounts.

Free Essays on Origins Of Behvior

Therapy The Origins of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive behavior therapy was devised in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Albert Ellis, Ph.D. in New York and by Aaron Beck, M.D. in Philadelphia. Although they worked independently of each other, both Ellis and Beck had grown dissatisfied with the traditional Freudian psychoanalytic therapies. Though both of these men trained with Freud, they believed that peoples’ conscious beliefs and thought processes were very important in understanding how people became depressed, anxious, or disturbed. Freudian psychoanalytic theory, on the other hand, tended to de-emphasize conscious thought. By the late 1950s, advances in behavioral science and experimental psychology had raised questions of the main assumptions of psychoanalysis, and new theories of the human mind were being introduced. â€Å"There are actually several kinds of Cognitive-Behavioral therapies (spelled behavioural in British English), employing the same general premise: in contrast to the psychodynamic emphasis on insight into unconscious motivation, the cognitive-behavioral therapies emphasize the ability of people to make changes in their lives without having to understand why the change occurs.† (Richmond, 2001) The Theory behind Cognitive Behavior Therapy By 1962, research into human emotion found that people’s thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions regarding events were important in guiding emotional experience (Carson, B.M. 2000). For example, important research showed that people labeled their physiological arousal according to the environmental situation they perceived. Experiments demonstrated that the physical effects of adrenaline could be labeled as fear, anger, or giddiness, depending on the person’s assumptions and thoughts about their situation. Because people's thoughts had such powerful effects on their emotional experience and emotional behavior, scientists were forced to devise new theories to accou... Free Essays on Origins Of Behvior Free Essays on Origins Of Behvior Therapy The Origins of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive behavior therapy was devised in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Albert Ellis, Ph.D. in New York and by Aaron Beck, M.D. in Philadelphia. Although they worked independently of each other, both Ellis and Beck had grown dissatisfied with the traditional Freudian psychoanalytic therapies. Though both of these men trained with Freud, they believed that peoples’ conscious beliefs and thought processes were very important in understanding how people became depressed, anxious, or disturbed. Freudian psychoanalytic theory, on the other hand, tended to de-emphasize conscious thought. By the late 1950s, advances in behavioral science and experimental psychology had raised questions of the main assumptions of psychoanalysis, and new theories of the human mind were being introduced. â€Å"There are actually several kinds of Cognitive-Behavioral therapies (spelled behavioural in British English), employing the same general premise: in contrast to the psychodynamic emphasis on insight into unconscious motivation, the cognitive-behavioral therapies emphasize the ability of people to make changes in their lives without having to understand why the change occurs.† (Richmond, 2001) The Theory behind Cognitive Behavior Therapy By 1962, research into human emotion found that people’s thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions regarding events were important in guiding emotional experience (Carson, B.M. 2000). For example, important research showed that people labeled their physiological arousal according to the environmental situation they perceived. Experiments demonstrated that the physical effects of adrenaline could be labeled as fear, anger, or giddiness, depending on the person’s assumptions and thoughts about their situation. Because people's thoughts had such powerful effects on their emotional experience and emotional behavior, scientists were forced to devise new theories to accou...

Romanesque, Regency, Revival, Early Christian, Baroque, Rococo, Essay

Romanesque, Regency, Revival, Early Christian, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassicism - Essay Example This discussion talks that jumping forward over 1000 years, Regency architecture denotes a style of buildings that came to a level of prominence within written during the early 19th century; a point in time when George IV was Prince Regent – the namesake of this particular period of architecture. One of the most defining facets of this particular style is with regards to the prevalence of white painted stucco faà §ades and the exhibition of the entryway usually colored in black frame columns. Additionally, residences which are built within the Regency style of architecture display crescents or terraces. In addition, the use of wrought-iron balconies is also incorporated a large scale. Again, the importance of history cannot be ignored due to the fact that the Regency period of architecture normally exhibits a very clear level of comparison to the colonnades and pillars of ancient Rome and ancient Greeks. Due to the fact that this was one of the periods in which the British Em pire was at its very height, it comes as no surprise that Imperial forms of architecture were utilized as a means of further propagating this particular understanding of general importance within the world structure. Similarly, with regards to a particular building or monument exhibits this style, a very excellent example exists within Regents Park London. As such, the use of columns and crescent shape architecture readily points to the fact that Regency architecture was heavily utilized in employed as a means of inspiring particular monuments. exhibited within the park. Revival As with all forms of art and architecture, a desire to see and elaborate upon previous artistic expressions oftentimes encourages architects to engage in movements of revivalism. Within Western civilization, revivalism has been noted within almost each and every single architectural movement in recorded history. For instance, there has been revivalism of postclassical architecture, medieval architecture, Bar oque architecture, and a litany of many other more modern forms of architecture. Due to the broad range of revival architecture that exists, this particular analysis will focus specifically on Renaissance revival

RHETORICAL AWARENESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

RHETORICAL AWARENESS - Essay Example ethical, emotions, practical and intellectual. It leads to effective communication. So in conclusion, it can be said that it is a process through which one tries to communicate something to the other person effectively. Rhetoric has played a major role in western tradition. In relation to rhetorical analysis, usage of rhetorical concepts is essential such as logos, ethos, mediation etc. this is mainly done to identify the social functions that are related to the object of the study. When it is related to any disclosure such as a poem, a speech, a joke or newspaper article, then the specific aim of article is not just to support the claim or makes arguments in relation to it, but it also involves identifying the semiotic strategies which should be employed by the speaker in order to accomplish persuasive goals. 1.2 Importance of rhetorical awareness Different fields have different writing conventions. Rhetorical situation mainly refers to primary features of any college writing situat ion. While facing any rhetorical situation in college it is imperative to have awareness on its various factors such as purpose for which one is writing, the audience for which one is writing to, type of text one is writing, the person one takes in his writing and social context of the situation. Rhetorical awareness is important in order to communicate effectively with the other person. One should be efficient enough to deal with all kind of situations i.e. either to communicate in images, sounds, words or numbers. Student writers should be able to deal with all these situations. Effective writing means making various choices. Each purpose given to students increases their awareness in relation to rhetorical. In it students mainly take responsibility of their ideas from which they try to be writers. These ideas are mainly occurred through independent research and one’s own perceptions. This provides students an opportunity to work at their own discourse, discover challenging things and can express their own ideas, while communicating on a particular purpose. This makes their ideas compelling and convincing to others. Therefore, in order to effectively communicate with other person one should be aware of all rhetorical techniques and writing. 1.3 Effect Rhetorical awareness can lead to effective communication and message can be easily transfers to the respective audience. It creates a positive attitude among student writers. This will help students not only to communicate in words, but they will be able to use sounds, numbers and diagrams as well to convey their message once they are aware of rhetorical. Its awareness helps students not only to gain good grades in class but also helps them in achieving their goals and carrier path. It provides students a sense of discovering, developing and understanding among student writers. 1.4 Evaluation Rhetorical awareness can be evaluated on the basis of skills of a person. Rhetorical situation are very complex a nd involves many factors such as purpose, audience, person to whom one is addressing, social background, text type and personal beliefs of audience and writer’s etc. evaluation is conducted on all these factors. Each area should be studied efficiently. Teacher mainly play role of audience. They are the one who evaluate that either student is aware in relation to a particular purpose assigned to them. They become a reader while evaluating a person’s writing and try to identify what a student is thinking. This creates results in two forms either a thinker or a writer. After doing rhetorical analysis one gets the knowledge of language which is important in achieving persuasion. Sometimes teachers also evaluate writing by playing a role of hypothetical audience, i.e. they may ask students to write

Fate and free will Essay Example for Free

Fate and free will Essay Fate is described as the power that determines the outcome of events before they occur, while free will is the act of freedom towards a decision. Oedipuss fate was determined before he was born, yet he took it into his own free will to end up the way he did.  The role of fate was simple; Oedipus would kill his father and marry his mother. Oedipus tried to prevent his fate by running away from his alleged parents, but the gods would still cause a catastrophe in Oedipuss life. The powers of the gods determined the events that occurred, such as, him marrying his actual mother and killing his father. One example of Oedipuss free will was the fact that he took it upon himself to travel from Corinth to Thebes so that he would not have the opportunity to kill his adopted father and marry his adopted mother. Another example of Oedipus showing free will arose when he killed Laius. He could have let Laius pass without any confrontation but instead killed him over who would pass in the street first. This caused a lot of turmoil in Thebes and nervous tension in Oedipuss life. Oedipus utilized his free will by not listening to people who told him his fate; for example, when Tiresias told Oedipus his fortune, that he would kill his father and marry his mother, Oedipus immediately brushed him off and condemned him. Before Oedipus stabbed his eyes out, he proclaimed, you shall not see me nor my crime, not see my present shame, go dark for all time blind. He took it upon himself to thrust his eyes out. He did this because he couldnt bare the shame of his life and he did not want to see what h is life would transpire to be. While the outcome was predetermined, Oedipus used his free will to determine how the events leading to the outcome would happen. The gods knew what would happen to Oedipus in the end, but did not take it upon themselves to make it occur. The act of Oedipus actually killing Laius, his real father, and marrying his mother, was his act of free will even though the outcome of the event was already predestined. While Oedipus tried to find out his true identity and find the killer of Laius he only tried to prevent his downfall once, in the beginning of the play and that was by leaving Corinth to get away from his assumed parents. During his reign he did not try to prevent his downfall. If he wanted to prevent his ruin he could have found out the truth secretly or he could have taken it upon himself to look for Laiuss killer or he could have kept the news to himself and no one would have ever known. In conclusion, fate and free will took place in the play. The gods knew what would happen to Oedipus and however Oedipus determined him self is how it would occur. It leads to wonder if our lives are head by free will or fate or if they go hand and hand.

Essay --

Lost insurance benefits as well as retirement benefits tied to WorldCom stock. Shareholders, which included many pension funds, lost billions of dollars. The California public-employee’s retirement system, the largest state pension fund in the country, sued in an attempt to regain some of the $580 million it lost in the WorldCom debacle (Ripley 6). The telecommunications industry suffered as well. Industry companies were competing against WorldCom under false pretenses. WorldCom was fraudulently stating its financials and its competition could not possibly be aware of WorldCom’s true expenses. As a result, competing companies were forced to make decisions to keep in line with WorldCom’s reported growth. AT&T fired tens of thousands of employees, who otherwise may have never been fired, in an attempt to match WorldCom’s low costs. Although it was not WorldCom’s fault, Qwest committed accounting fraud and Global Crossing declared bankruptcy while also being under investigation themselves. Qwest and Global Crossing succumbed to industry pressure that may not have existed or felt as greatly in WorldCom was accurately reporting its financials. (Colvin 2) After WorldCom declared bankruptcy suppliers stopped getting paid. Local carriers were not being paid to complete WorldCom calls, but it was illegal for those carriers not to complete them (Colvin 2). Other vendors and suppliers that counted on WorldCom for business suffered and were forced to fire employees. As these companies suffered, so did their shareholders. In 2001, WorldCom was able to secure a $2.65 billion loan through a credit agreement with several banks. The entire loan was used up about six weeks before the accounting fraud was disclosed. â€Å"The banks con... ...ng fraud from occurring. WorldCom may hit a bump in the road in the short run but very well could still been operating today. At the time Michael Capellas took over as CEO, he had the right idea even though he may not have had much of a choice. Capellas established an ethics office, hired a Chief Ethics Officer and required all employees undergo annual ethics training. Capellas also traveled around the country listening to the comments and the opinions of his employees (Scharff 117). This was in contrast to Ebbers and Sullivan’s autocratic management style. Capellas established clear, guiding principles for his employees that were posted on cubicle walls throughout the company. Unfortunately for WorldCom, Capellas’ efforts where a matter of being too little, too late. Had Bernie Ebbers taken these steps as CEO, the fraud may have stopped at an early stage. Essay -- Lost insurance benefits as well as retirement benefits tied to WorldCom stock. Shareholders, which included many pension funds, lost billions of dollars. The California public-employee’s retirement system, the largest state pension fund in the country, sued in an attempt to regain some of the $580 million it lost in the WorldCom debacle (Ripley 6). The telecommunications industry suffered as well. Industry companies were competing against WorldCom under false pretenses. WorldCom was fraudulently stating its financials and its competition could not possibly be aware of WorldCom’s true expenses. As a result, competing companies were forced to make decisions to keep in line with WorldCom’s reported growth. AT&T fired tens of thousands of employees, who otherwise may have never been fired, in an attempt to match WorldCom’s low costs. Although it was not WorldCom’s fault, Qwest committed accounting fraud and Global Crossing declared bankruptcy while also being under investigation themselves. Qwest and Global Crossing succumbed to industry pressure that may not have existed or felt as greatly in WorldCom was accurately reporting its financials. (Colvin 2) After WorldCom declared bankruptcy suppliers stopped getting paid. Local carriers were not being paid to complete WorldCom calls, but it was illegal for those carriers not to complete them (Colvin 2). Other vendors and suppliers that counted on WorldCom for business suffered and were forced to fire employees. As these companies suffered, so did their shareholders. In 2001, WorldCom was able to secure a $2.65 billion loan through a credit agreement with several banks. The entire loan was used up about six weeks before the accounting fraud was disclosed. â€Å"The banks con... ...ng fraud from occurring. WorldCom may hit a bump in the road in the short run but very well could still been operating today. At the time Michael Capellas took over as CEO, he had the right idea even though he may not have had much of a choice. Capellas established an ethics office, hired a Chief Ethics Officer and required all employees undergo annual ethics training. Capellas also traveled around the country listening to the comments and the opinions of his employees (Scharff 117). This was in contrast to Ebbers and Sullivan’s autocratic management style. Capellas established clear, guiding principles for his employees that were posted on cubicle walls throughout the company. Unfortunately for WorldCom, Capellas’ efforts where a matter of being too little, too late. Had Bernie Ebbers taken these steps as CEO, the fraud may have stopped at an early stage.

Assess the view that, in today’s society, the family losing it’s functions?

There are many sociologists who have many different views on the family and the functions that they require. For example, George Murdock and Talcott Parsons who are functionalists. The warm bath theory and feminists.A famous sociologist who looked at the family is Murdock; he thought that the nuclear family was universal. He came to believe that the family had four main functions; economic – the family pool their resources and share financial responsibility, sexual – a male and female relationship that is socially accepted within society, reproduction – spouses reproduce and have children, educational – the family learns the shared norms and values of society. This theory however has its critics, it is outdated and other structures within society, such as, banks, benefits, schools and adoption can take over to help the family perform its functions.Another functionalist is Parsons, he believed that families were to fulfil two basic irreducible functions; th e primary socialisation of children – this was important to Parsons because he thought that everyone should know the shared norms and values of society and a child begins to learn at a very young age at home. Without this there would be no consensus and without this a social life would not be possible as people would not know how to act and greet people in a respectable way. The second function is the stabilisation of adult personalities – unstable personalities can threaten the smooth-running and stability of society. Parsons believed that having a family can help support the adults and help them stay grounded.