Six Flags Essay Example for Free

vi Flags EssayAmusement ballparks and theme parks be being the term of the entertainment attractions in over the World. The U. S is almost leading this large numbers of theme park by 322 $ million guests in 2003. According to the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA) the amusement park industrys roots can be traced all the way punt to medieval Europe when in approximately 1133 A. D, the monk Rahere, a former jester in the court of Henry I held the first trade beautiful (IAAPA). The liking of the amusement parks started in the United State roughlytimes in end of the 19th century by the electric trolley companies.Also, this idea came to create some events for people during the weekend, which it was the golden period of theme parks. In 1893, it was the first exposition which held in Chicago and it was the event which Ferris wheel as sound as the Midway introduced to over the World (2002). sextet Flags. Inc as known is the worlds largest regio nal theme park company based on the number of its properties as well it is the 5th most well-liked in terms of attendance. Further more than, Since the Walt Disney Company beings the first in amusement park operator in the U. S.six Flags takes the second place with 20 million international visitors in the year. Whats more, sise Flags holds39 family oriented theme parks in the U. S, Canada, Mexico, and Europe. The company estimates that nearly two thirds of the American population that lives within 100 miles of one if its parks. According to IAAPA the properties serve 35 of the 50 largest U. S. metropolitan areas. The company first target is the local markets as the only when competitor, Disney land, are a focuses for visitors from the entire world. It also has exclusive rights to theme park usage of Warner Brothers 3and DC Comics characters in most of North America, South America, and some Europe countries, with many parks featuring such characters, for example, Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Tweety Bird, Yosemite Sam, Batman, and Superman (IAAPA. Sep 2009).The tilt and marketing in amusement park industry have been growing up after began consolidate that occur a bigger established smaller parks and family operations. In addition, theme parks in U. S become utmost commodities and the gaining for theme park properties have been increasing to high record levels.They also have been supported by the government in U. S which was the biggest amount erudition with U. S. $1. 9 billion that paid for the Six Flags Theme Parks Chain by Premier Parks. The Six Flags Company has been raking as the fifth largest amusement park regarding to the annual attendance in the world after Walt Disney, Merlin Entertainment Group in United Kingdom, Universal Studios, and Parques Reunidos in Spain.Also, Six Flagss properties become more available as the result of the consolidated of the U.S industry and it keeps announced every year unique properties to its parks which make operators work harder than before to attract and oblige attendees. According to Six Flags Website in Aug 30, 2012 Six flags properties announced two ground-breaking thrill rides will debut at Six Flags over Georgia and Six Flags clear water in 2013. For example, adding new rides, new shows, and new experiences. According to IAAPA amusement parks were not investing as heavily in magnificent roller coasters instead in 2000, they were focusing more on family oriented rides and amenities like air-conditioned restrooms and better food.Also, Six flags usually every season surprises its visitors by great deals with lower price like free admission and free season parking to any Six flags theme parks. 4 The hot competition in theme parks business was one of the main creators of the difficult time that the six flags company and amusement park industry had been facing during the aside few years. For instance, in August of 2001, theme and amusement park operators were concerned with the drops in atten dance in many parks.Also, the terrorist attack is another huge reason of dropping the market of the amusement park industry in the United State after the Sept, 2011. The bad weather condition in 2002 and the War in Iraq had affected the level of tourism to U. S e particular(a)ly the theme park sector. According to USA Today, 2002 10 percent of Americans rated amusement parks and sporting events as the most likely target for a terrorist attack, behind nuclear plants and large city downtowns, yet ahead of airports, national monuments, military installations, and bridges. The major competitor of Six Flags Company in U.S is the Walt Disney Company.It announced that the attendance in 2003 was almost 97 million and revenues of U. S. $6. 4 billion and most of visitors were from Walt Disney in Florida and Japan. Another competitor of Six flags is Universal Studios Recreation Group with 73 million visitors and revenues $ 4 billion in Orlando, Fl. Recovery strategies In 2005, Six Flags made a n important change in the top management by hiring Mark Shapiro the new chief executive officer, after that they change their focus and goals to become more careful about cleanness, benignity and withfamily-friendly atmosphere.The management brings a trained staff and enforce of a code of conduct which made the park better than ever, with more customers satisfaction. Shapiro focused to drive to join on attendance through enhance broad-based marketing strategies and introduce standardized pricing in all parks, make marketing alliances and sponsorship with most popular consumer brands. Moreover, Much of Six Flags social marketing strategy relies on getting people to talk about events, such as the 45th anniversary celebration.According to Shapiro concluded, Every wholeness day we will remain focused on bringing our guests an entertainment package that they cant experience anywhere else close to home family rides, thrill rides, special events, concerts and shows, daily parades, firewo rks, shopping, dining and games (Six flags web, 2006). Overall, the main focus of Shapiro was to enhance and emphasize the benefits for existing resources and develop some of old strategies to raise the income and reach some of other goals.

The Political Philosophy of the Constitution Essay Example for Free

The semipolitical Philosophy of the Constitution EssayFrom my own perspective I feel that the major ideas of the political doctrine of the personality are to mandate non-partisan redistricting for elections to enhance electoral competition. For warning To reduce the role that legislative politics might play, five states (Arizona, Hawaii, Idaho, New Jersey and Washington), channelize out congressional redistricting by an independent or bipartisan commission. Two states, Iowa and Maine, give independent bodies authority to propose redistricting plans, but preserve the role of legislatures to venerate them.Seven states confirm completely a single representative for the entire state because of their low populations these are Alaska, Delaware, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont and Wyoming. Redistricting is also necessary inside school districts, where attendance zones have grown (or from time to time shrunk) disproportionately to the occupancy capacity of each publ ic school in the system. This always occurs when a naked as a jaybird school is built or one is closed, but may also occur due to other shifts in population. These districts are necessary not only to balance enrollment, but also to coordinate school bus routes.Separate maps are usually kept for each level elementary school, middle school, and noble school, for example. This is not an inherently political process, however parents can become very upset when their children are moved from a school they like (or to one they dont), and occasionally elected school boards have been forced to change plans after protests. 2nd Eliminate lifetime tenure for federal judges in favor of non-renewable 15 years term for all federal judges. Judges and certain members of some senates or upper chambers (senator for life) most commonly have life tenure.The primary feather goal of life tenure is to insulate the officeholder from external pressures. And last a Political meeting which we know as a const itutional ruler is a gathering for the purpose of writing a new constitution or revising an existing constitution. A general constitutional convention is called to spend a penny the first constitution of a political unit or to entirely re endow an existing constitution.An unlimited constitutional convention is called to revise an existing constitution to the extent that it deems to be proper, whereas a limited constitutional convention is restricted to revising only the areas of the current constitution named in the conventions call, the legal mandate establishing the convention. entire conventions have also been used by constituent states of federations such as the individual states of the United States to create, replace, or revise their own Constitutions though several states have never held a national constitutional convention for the purpose of proposing amendments, the 21st Amendment to the US Constitution was ratified not by the state legislatures, but by state level conve ntions after it was passed by Congress, as described as an alternate method of ratification in Article V of the US Constitution.Furthermore, The taxonomical elaboration of the consequences for politics of suggested resolutions of philosophical dilemmas (or of the intractability of those dilemmas). The greatest works of political philosophy try to present those consequences in relation to fundamental cosmological, ontological, and epistemological issues. They suppose a view of human nature which links the cosmological with the political. On a less grand scale, political philosophy explores the political implications of particular disputes, for example about the nature of the self (see communitarianism freedom liberalism and autonomy), or about the notion of moral responsibility (see punishment).There is obviously a close connection between political philosophy and moral philosophy, because both involve exploring the nature of judgments we make about our values consequently, when it was thought on epistemological grounds that it was not the place of philosophy to explore these normative matters, political philosophy was declared to be dead. Contemporary political philosophy flourishes because the epistemological argument once thought pitch-black to it has Do we need a Constitution.Yes we need a Constitution because The founding principles behind the Constitution, were values created by men enduring the stress and pressure of creating a new union aside from the rule of Great Britain. Much debate and thought about human values and the rights of a free people were instituted in the writing of this famous document that has endured in the United States for nearly 232 years. Although there have been a variety of amendments, the basic content has been respected and used to decree in the USA throughout history up to the present.The majority of citizens believe in this document to govern our country as its tradition is valued mollify by many. Just like the Bible is a guide to many religious denominations, the constitution is a guide to the structure, laws and behaviors influencing the culture in America. In finding I hope that my ideology on major ideas of the political philosophy of the constitution are true and not of opinionated facts. I obtained my REFERENCES from Hampton, Jean (1997). Political philosophy. p. xiii. ISBN 0813308586. http//books. google. com/books? id=-.Political philosophy is about political societies. Sahakian, Mabel Lewis (1993). Ideas of the great philosophers. Barnes Noble Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 1566192712. Kraut, Richard (2002). Aristotle political philosophy. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0198782001. (Cicero a study in the origins of republican philosophy. .http//books. google. com/books. By the ninth and tenth centuries Gellner, Ernest (1992). Plough, Sword, and Book. University of cabbage Press. p. 239. ISBN 0226287027. Natural Law and Calvinist Political Theory. Trafford Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 14120 07382.

Social Service Intervention Of Family Life

decadeder Service Intervention Of Family Life fond serve play a vital section in the prevention of cruelty to fry birdren, and their crookions take on been controversial in the past and lead continue to be in the future. They have an immense amount of top executive in their hands and atomic number 18 able to tear apart a loving family as rise as save an endangered shavers liveness.The aim of this memorise is to analyse the extent to which affectionate work should exercise their power in golf-club to fulfill the duties they owe to society. In come in to explore this subject, it will be necessary to critically analyse the pre d easying legislation that has governed this area, and study how the jurisprudence has evolved over the last century.It is an area of constabulary that has and will continue to develop. There are alike major riddles within the social services organisation itself, such as under(a)funding and significant staff shortages, and it will be nece ssary to analyse and critique its current effectiveness through the use of a number of reports.Whilst the lack of resources is undoubtedly affecting the effectiveness of the social worker, recent reports in the media have suggested that thither is a vast amount of bullying and degrading treatment within the organization itself. A case highlighted is that ofSubstantial turns have been necessary in the law surrounding baby abomination over the past century as high profile and prolific cases of neglect have been brought to the attention of the cosmos by use of the media.This is a necessary area of study due to the fact that cases are continuing to come to light. The recent case of Khyra IshaqChapter One Background to the Children execute 1989A common theme that calculates to occur through break through history is that it takes a major event to shock the nation in order for dramatic multifariousness to occur within the law, rather than the law changing in order to prevent such occurrences in the first place.During the 1980s, professionals were becoming increasingly aware of the existenceness of baby bird abuse in society as a allow for of cases such as those of Jasmine Beckford and Tyra Henley. Jasmine Beckford had previously been dictated in the care of Brent Social Services for a period of devil years prior to her death. However, she had and been seen by a social worker once during a period of ten months, and was left in the hands of her stepfather who battered and starved her, consequently resulting in her death at the age of four years old.Supervision orders for nipperren at try were first introduced in The Children and tender Persons strike 1932. Previously, there was precious little legislation available to foster children in motivation. This was a substantial addition to the law and allow justification to children who were experiencing abuseThe Children and Young Persons work 1933 was the first attempt in statute in order to curtai l the effects of child abuse and make it clear the obligations and duties of a carer. Part 1 of the numeral details the position of the get up that a child is deemed to be neglected in a subject area likely to cause injury to his comfortablyness if he has failed to suffer food, clothing, medical aid or lodging for him, or if, having been unable to some otherwise provide has failed to take steps to procure it to be provided under the enactments applicable in that relief. In addition to this, the statute also submits that it is the responsibility of the court to ensure the wellbeing of an abused child by taking proper steps for removing him from undesirable surroundings, and for securing that proper provision is make for his education and training.According to Lord Diplock, under the 1933 wager, the parent must neglect the child intending, or at least foreseeing, that the probable consequence of neglect is that the child will suffer injury to his health. This tell apartm ent causes astonishment in cases that involve neglect, however. It is clear that the 1933 wreak places great importance over how the offence was committed and whether it was wilful and deliberate.One of the failings of the act is that it gives full discretion to the courts in protecting abused children and gives them no direction whatsoever in fashioning such a life impacting judgement. More investigation into the circumstances and carrys of those at take chances was unavoidable in order to find a suitable crustal plate for such children, and the courts did non have the knowledge or abilities to re-house them.The case of Dennis ONeill highlighted the failings of the 1933 Act and brought only radical change to the law surrounding child abuse. Dennis, together with his younger brothers were taken into the care of their local business office on the grounds that they needed attention. He died after being taken into harbor care and was found by a pathologist to be undernouris hed and physically abused. Dennis ONeill was subjected to horrific attacks at the hands of his foster parents and these attacks took place on a regular basis.This case shocked the public and political figures, who were particularly alarmed to find out that the foster father, Mr Gough, had been known to the police and had a conviction for violence. It was therefore deemed necessary for a public enquiry to be held in order to determine the submit failings make by the authorities involved, and it blamed the both local councils that dealt with the case.It was evident that the provisions of the 1933 Act were vastly inadequate in their role of protection and that major change to this area was needed. With this in mind, the Children Act 1948 established a Childrens Committee in each local authority to carry out the functions detailed in The Children and Young Persons Act 1933. A Childrens officer also had to be appointed who had relevant experience and be assisted by an adequate number o f staff. In effect, this Act established social services as it divulged responsibility away from the courts and placed it with the local authority.The Childrens Committee was supposedly staffed by those who had experience with children and would be able to render to their needs and find them new homes where they would be loved and cared for effectively. However, events over the past 40 years have shown that the there is a great level of hindrance in providing effective protection for children at risk.Following Jasmine Beckford were further shocking cases of child abuse that displayed obvious neglect by social services, and this led to a difficult period for workers in this profession, who were unsure as to which approach to take upon dealing with children at risk. A balance was clearly needed, and enough information had to be acquired quickly in order to determine whether to take a child from their home, which could have devastating consequences upon family life if the risks of a buse were unsubstantiated.the threat of child abuse appeared to be on the increasing. The John Patten Guidelines were released in order to provide professionals with advice during a period of unrest with regards to child neglect.The Cleveland scandal of 1987 shocked the nation to the core, and led to further changes and major additions to the law in the form of the Children Act 1989. This case differed in that it was an eccentric of the state causing the abuse to the infants rather than their parents or guardians. A essential of 121 children were diagnosed as being sexually abused by Dr Marietta Higgs and her assistant Dr Geoffrey Wyatt. Together, they used a controversial and unproven test known as RAD instinctive reflex anal dilation. Children had to undergo an invading and degrading test on their buttocks, and the memories of which have scarred whatever for life. A girl who was taken into care after being diagnosed with RAD continued to have nightmares about her ordeal twent y years after the event, and claims that the two doctors ruined her childhood.The children diagnosed under Dr Higgs regime were removed from loving families and placed into care, whilst in some cases the parents were sent to prison. This had devastating results, and supplanted happy families. Even once the parents had been cleared by the courts of every wrong doing, many felt loth to show their children affection once they had been returned.The Children Act 1989 originates from two reports. In 1984, the Parliamentary Select Committee on the social services recommended that the government should enable a examine of child law to take place. This led to the formation of a government committee known as the Child Care Law limited review who produced a report titled Review of Child Care Law. During the aforesaid(prenominal) period of time, the Department for Health and Social Security carried out a review of the law relating to child care and made a number of recommendations relating to child care, foster homes and child minding. Most of these recommendations were accepted in to a government ashen paper regarding child care and these proposals were brought forrader Parliament as part of the Children Bill.Second Chapter Provisions of the Children Act 1989 and the legislation in practiceThe Children Act 1989 brought major change to the law regarding child abuse, and introduced a number of new principles to the legal system. Its main priority was protecting the welfare of the child, which was granted paramount importance in any dispute over care or parentage of an infant.The 1989 Act stated that it was the responsibility of the local authority to safeguard and promote the welfare of any child that was in need within the area, and must provide a range and level of services appropriate to those childrens need. Therefore, social services must be sufficiently staffed and have a reasonable amount of funding in order to fulfil its role. Whilst considering a childs we lfare, their feelings and wishes must be taken into consideration together with any effect removal will have upon the family including the parents. The Act gave further way to local authorities once they had taken the child into care, and their duties and responsibilities in ensuring the welfare of the child is maintained. The local authority has a responsibility to house any child taken into care in a healthy environment, and ensure that the wishes of the child are taken into account when making such decisions. It was therefore non always best to remove the child from their home if support could be provided in the form of monetary relief in order to sustain the childs welfare.In order to keep a child with its family, it was made clear that those in need of protection together with their families should be offered support under part three of the Children Act. Only when voluntary methods of helping are unable to protect those at risk should the powers under parts four and five be u sed. According to June Thoburn and Ann Lewis in Partnership with parents of children in need of protection, these powers should only be used when actual or suspected significant maltreat or likely significant harm is at risk.A positive element of the 1989 Act is the establishment of the Family Assistance Order, which granted support to families experiencing a difficult change such as divorce and separations in order for the child in question to prevail with its family. However, this order is only to be used in exceptional circumstances and consent must be carryed from each person involved with the order. An order of this kind would provide an example of the state providing a positive intervention into family life. Unfortunately, as it can only be used in exceptional circumstances, a Family Assistance Order is granted rarely despite the benefits it could potentially afford a family in need.In addition to the Children and Young Persons Act 1933, the 1989 Act gave further definition as to what a child in need is. It states that a child should be taken into care if he is unlikely to achieve or maintain, or have the prospect to achieving or maintaining, a reasonable standard of health or development without the provision of him of services by a local authority. Further more, a child whose health could be impaired without the intervention of social services should be taken into care. This also extends to disabled children.If social services believe that a child is in danger of significant harm, they are entitled under a new provision of the 1989 Act to seek a child valuatement order( CAO). The courts must be snug that the applicator has reasonable cause to suspect the child is at risk, that the assessment will be able to determine to what extent that risk applies, and that the applicant will not be able to carry out such assessment without an order being madeIf the risk of harm is deemed to be an flying danger to the child, an emergency protection order (EPO ) can be applied for. Unlike the CAO which is a non-urgent remedy, the EPO is an order which enables a child to be restrained in or removed to a place in order to protect their welfare.The court is only likely to make such an order if they are commodious that there is reasonable cause to believe that the child is likely to sustain significant harm if not removed to accommodation by the local authority or does not remain in the place they are currently being accommodated in. Whereas a CAO order needs the belief of the applicant, an EPO requires the court to be satisfied that the child is in danger, and they will therefore sufficient evidence will need to be provided to convince the courts of this and that urgent action is needed. Whilst the above orders may seem to contradict the principle that a child is best cared for at home, the orders must be carried out with this element in mind. Therefore, a child should not be removed from parental care longer then is strictly necessary and can be returned home even if the EPO is still in force.As well as the above orders, the court can also make care and supervision orders in order to ensure protection of a child in need. These may only be made if the court is satisfied that the child concerned is suffering or is likely to suffer significant harm and that the harm or likelihood of harm is attributable to the care given to the child, or likely to be given to him if the order were not made. However, as the courts are under a trading to promote the upbringing of a child with its family, local authorities are under duty to fully explore alternative methods before applying for an order to be made under this Act. Furthermore, the welfare checklist must also be adhered to for an order to be made. Whilst the wishes and feelings of a child may have some influence, they will not override any of the other provisions of the welfare checklist, and the courts will need to assess whether the child is of the maturity to make any pu rpose at all.The 1989 Act makes apparent the courts intention that a child is best cared for at home with their families. However, whether this is the most suitable option is certainly a major issue in society, and is very much dependent upon the circumstances surrounding each individual case. It is arguable that the Act should not place emphasis on this belief as professionals who follow this rule and take the childs wishes into account could come to a conclusion that is not in the best interests of the child. It places social workers in the wit that taking a child into care is not in the best interests of the child, and this could perhaps provide an explanation as to why further horrific cases have occurred following the Cleveland scandal.Residential family centres were also created by the 1989 Act which allowed social workers to assess the relationship between the family outside of the marital home. The parents stay at the centre for a period of time with the children and are as sessed by social services as to how capable they are in their role. Parents are also given the help and guidance they need in order to look after them.The Children Act 1989 acknowledges that the relationship between the local authorities is of great importance when dealing with a child in need, and they must act in helpership. The Act places a duty on the relevant children agencies to provide information and assistance to the local authorities and also places them under duty to assist with the care plan formulated in respect of children. Following the Cleveland inquiry, it was apparent that the relationship between the relevant authorities was lacking, and the 1989 Act appears to acknowledge and remedy this situation by placing them under duty to act in order to safeguard children.In order for a child to remain with their family during a difficult period, a service was established under the 1989 Act that was provided to the child in order to meet their needs in all aspects. Parents need to receive help in bringing up their children if they experience difficulties rather than taking them straight into care. This is a useful addition for professionals, as it gives them the opportunity to assess the family in a different environment and also provide help and guidance to a family in need.There are arguments to suggest that the removal of a child from their home can be mitigated by providing frequent access, and that there must be a presumption that a parent will be able to see their child unless they have acted in such a way that makes contact heavily detrimental for them. However, this could potentially cause distress and upset to a child who has experienced abuse, and may also distort their true wishes and feelings. Access was denied to the parents and carers in the Cleveland scandal.Further developments arrived in favour of retentiveness the child with its family from the European Courts of Human Rights and the Human Rights Act, In particular, article 8 the right to respect for private and family life, home and correspondence. Article 8 offers protection for a persons family life from arbitrary interference by the state. This right was framed extremely broadly. However, this is a qualified right which means that there can be an interference with a persons family life providing it is lawful, serves a legitimate purpose, is necessary in a democratic society and is not deemed to be discriminatory.Whilst Article 8 may appear to be restrictive upon social workers, one could argue that they must be able to justify their actions before intervening in a family environment, and certain aspects of privacy must be upheld. A recent case highlighted this aspect, as social workers placed a CCTV monitoring system in the bedroom of a couple with acquire difficulties in order to determine whether they were fit parents. This forced the couple to cite the Human Rights Act in order for the surveillance to be removed.Chapter Three Failings of the Act ca pital of Seychelles Climbie and mar P,The Children Act 1989 was not a cure for child abuse, and cases continued to come to light for many years after the implementation of the Act.Arguments exist to suggest that the aim of the 1989 Act for children to remain in their families is incorrect when dealing with those that are severely abused. There is much emphasis on professionals to work with the family and rectify the level of care they offer in parenting. This places social workers under pressure to work therapeutic miracles with the family, and failure to do so makes their job harder to carry out. Social workers were expected to work in partnership with families who were often uncooperative and unwilling to allow them access into their family, and the law itself placed the families under no obligation to be honest and work with them. Society did not make them feel empowered to act on their powers and make calls for action.Furthermore, it was far more difficult for social workers t o obtain a care order then it was prior to the 1989 Act being implemented. Social workers needed a higher level of evidence in order to satisfy a court that a care order was appropriate, and they had to return to the courts for scrutiny in order to make any decision. As a result of this, social workers were more likely to carry out a lengthy assessment of a child at risk rather than immediately remove them from their home. It took a great deal of time to carry out the necessary assessments and apply to the courts, the child at risk was often in a more abused state by the time they had reached care and this was obviously not in the childs best interests. To some extent, this goes against the welfare principles as stated in the 1989 Act, and is around contradictory. There is also a great amount of expense involved when applying to the court, and as a result of this, social workers were under pressure to carry out their assessments extensively and leaving the child in a potentially h armful environment for a longer period of time.The Children Act 1989 to some extent gave social workers an excuse when failing to act in a case of child abuse. It could be argued that this was the case with Rikki Neave, whose drug addicted mother had repeatedly called social services for help, and had even asked them to take her son away into care. She had abused her son by burning him, throwing him across the room, and had even told a social worker that she would kill her children if they were not taken from her. Social services failed to remove the child from his mothers care and he was found dead. Theoretically, social services could argue in their defense that they complied with the 1989 Act with regards to tutelage the child with its family, and that they needed to compile an assessment in order to be granted a care order by the courts.In 1991, there were a total of 60,000 children in care. This figure had fallen dramatically to 40,000 by 1995. This decline in figures shows th e effects that the Children Act 1989 had on the number of children in care, and could perhaps be viewed as a positive result of the Acts implementation. However, it could also be argued that the number of children being abused had not reduced so significantly, and therefore there were solely more children living at risk.The provisions of the Children Act 1989 were not enough to prevent the failure of professionals to safeguard Victoria Climbie, and this case of horrifying abuse was brought to public knowledge after her death in 2000. It is clear from this case that despite the legislation in place to deal with child abuse, it was the authorities themselves who acted negligently and failed to act on their duties as detailed in the 1989 Act.Haringey social services were made aware of Climbie after her first admittance to hospital. The doctors warned social services of her injuries as a precautionary measure, but the social workers assigned to the case failed to take adequate measures to investigate how the injuries had occurred. An inexperienced social worker had been assigned to Climbie, and despite her making two visits to the family home, she failed to realise that her carers were putting on an act and the child was in grave danger.Social services were yet again alerted to Climbie after her aunt reported her partner for sexually abusing the infant. However, she later on dropped the allegations. Social workers had a meeting and decided to make further contact with the family, but failed to take the adequate steps needed in order to do so. After making three visits, a social worker reported that the family had most likely returned to France, and the case was closed on the same day that Climbie died.There were a number of organizations that were involved with Victoria Climbie prior to her death. Climbie was known to local authorities, including Haringey, Ealing, Brent and Enfield. She was also known to three housing departments and two hospitals, two Metropolit an police child protection teams and a centre run by the NSPCC. It could only be concluded that there was a empty lack of communication between the agencies, despite the Children Act 1989 placing emphasis on the importance of agencies working together and sharing informationIn total, social services missed twelve chances to save Victoria Climbie. The Victoria Climbie Inquiry found that there was a total absence of good professional practice. The interventions that should have occurred would not have required any exceptional skill and neither would it have placed heavy demands upon the staff involved. It is therefore evident that the failures of the services to act in this case represented serious professional misconduct.As will be detailed in chapter four, further legislation arose from the Victoria Climbie inquiry, with Lord Lamings report making a total of 108 recommendations for fundamental change to the way social care, healthcare and police child protection services are organi sed and managed at a national and local scale. The report led to the foundation of the Every Child Matters programme together with the Children Act 2004.Haringey council found themselves in trouble once again when the baby Peter case occurred in 2007. Baby P sustained over 50 injuries during an eight month period and had been on Haringey councils child protection register throughout this time. His family had been seen a total of 60 times by agencies including social workers from the council.Baby P was first removed from his mothers care after he was taken into hospital with severe bruising, and the paediatrician judged that the injuries were not likely to have been accidental. She wrote in his notes that he should not be allowed home, and a police protection order should be seek if necessary. He was discharged and placed informally in the care of a family friend whilst social workers and police investigated the cause of his injuries. This resulted in Baby Ps mother being arrested a nd the toddler was put on the child protection register.He returned back to the care of his mother a month later and she promised to cooperate with social workers and ensure she cared for her baby in order for his named to be removed from the register. However, she continued to neglect her son and her partner abused the baby. Baby P was taken into care in April 2007 but was released back to his mother once he had the all clear from the hospital. His mother continued to deceive professionals into allowing her to keep the baby and tried to conceal further injuries by smearing chocolate over his face.Senior police officials decided that Baby P should not be allowed to live with his family, and sought legal advice to see whether he could be taken into care, but staggeringly, Haringey councils lawyers decided that there was not enough evidence to meet the relevant thresholds. Here is certainty that the emphasis on keeping a child with its family as established under the 1989 Act leads t o difficulties in removing a severely abused child from their home when it is necessary.Chapter Four Further legislation as a result of these casesIt became evident following the case of Victoria Climbie that further radical change was needed to protect the lives of endangered children and that the Children Act 1989 was not sufficient legal governance in this area.A public inquiry was established in order to find the exact causes of Climbies death, and following this was a report headed by Lord Laming. He reported that none of the government funded agencies can emerge from this report with much credit. Lord Laming claimed that the problem with child protection did not lie with the legal framework but its implementation and that there were major discrepancies with the staff that work with children.Lord Laming made a total of 108 recommendations in his report. The most significant recommendations include the every child matters initiative. This government initiative was introduced in 2003 and its main aims are to ensure that a child has the support needed to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being. It was the responsibility of the multi-agency partnerships to work together in order to meet the detailed framework surrounding each theme of the initiative. Lord Laming also reported that the failures of the police, social workers and hospital staff were partly due a lack of accountability.Lord Laming suggested that the only way to address this issue would be to create a childrens minister who would be held accountable to the cabinet. Partly in response to the Lord Laming report, Margaret Hodge was appointed as the minister for children in 2003. Her role was to oversee the policies governing children at risk as well as other significant child governance.The Every Child Matters green paper was published by the government in response to Lord Lamings inquiry into the death of Victoria Climbie. This green pap er recommended policy changes backed up by legislation, and the Children Act 2004 was designed to respond to the findings of the Lord Laming inquiry.The 2004 Act established a childrens commissioner. Under S2 of the Act, the childrens commissioners role includes promoting awareness of the views and interests of children in England. The Childrens commissioner has a wide role, which includes encouraging persons exercising functions or engaged in activities affecting children to take account of their views and interests advise the secretary of state on the views and interests of children consider or research the operation of complaints procedures so far as children are concerned consider and research any other matter relating to the interests of a child and publish a report on any matter from the above list.The Childrens Commissioner role is to be concerned with the views and interests of children relating to a number of aspects of their well being. These include their physical and men tal health and emotional well being protection from harm or neglect education, training and recreation the contribution made by them in society and their social and economic well-being. They may also conduct an inquiry into an individual child if they feel it may raise issues of relevance to other children.As well as establishing the Childrens Commissioner, the 2004 Act provided a response to Lord Lamings report which heavily criticised the lack of co-operation between the services that deal with children. The Act places a duty to cooperate in order to improve the well being of a child at risk. This was designed to prevent further cases of children locomote through the gaps such as Victoria Climbie, and ensure that all services such as the police, doctors and social workers are under a specific duty to communicate and work together to promote the well-being of an endangered child.A key instrument in the enforcement of cooperation between agencies was the creation of electronic rec ords for every child in the country. This record made it easier to trace a child who had moved to a new area and was therefore transferred between local authorities. It could be argued that keeping details of children on electronic record is a breach of article 8 of the Human Rights Act, and critics have made clear their view that these files will destroy the confidentiality of medical and legal records. Doctors, teachers and the police will have to alert the system to a wide range of concerns, and two reports on a childs record could be sufficient to provoke an investigation.Whilst the electronic records system may appear to be an effective provision in order to ensure that child mistreatment is monitored, there was a great deal of confusion as to what would be deemed as a concern. Dr Eileen Monro of the London School of Economics said that if a child fails to make jump on towards state targets, detailed information would be gathered and this would include judgements such as wheth er the parent is providing a positive role model as well as sensitive information such as their mental state. This could mean that parents are forced to bring up their child in line with what the state deems is best rather than as they themselves see fit.It c

The Issue Of Handphone In School English Language Essay

The Issue Of Hand scream In School English Language judge Handphone has become indispensable gad take aim, an absolute necessity for twain adults and children. Like every other invention of man, whether or non to allo the use of handphones in Malaysian inculcates is non an easy yes-or- no issue. This is the dilemma of the authorities. If properly used, the handphone goat bring more benefits than harm especially to children. When television stolon made its debut in the 1960s, everybody imagined that it would hold a negative effect on children. P arnts fret over their childrens addiction to the idiot box and the neglect of their studies. Their fears were unfounded as they soon found that if stringently contolled, the television was as harmless as the radio or the gramophone. In more recent times, the same anxiety greeted the advent of computers, especially the Internet. Today, the Internet has becomean immanent tool and we massnot imagine a life without computers. Like the computers, the handphone has many advantages, while an abuse of it fundament hurl disastrous results. Handphones are useful tools of communication. Parents and children can hold off in touch with each other and any last mintue change of plans can be conveyed easily without any trouble to either party. Some children however, list this as a loss of privacy as parents will have a 24-hour access to their children Parents say the handphone is more than a thingmajig-it is an essential item that can endure as a tracker divece. With it they can monitor their children and check on their whereabouts via satelite. Thus, from whereevr they are, paretns can ensure the safety of thier children and avoid incidents like kidnapping and such crimes. education Ministry officials, naturalise authorities and many parents believe that allowing handphones in schools would notwithstanding widen the disparity between the haves and the have-nots among students. Handphones come in a variety of shapes , colours and functionfrom generic ones to highly sophisticated ones that double up as camers, video cameras and palm tops. Not every child in school comes from middle or upper separate families that can afford to buy each child a handphone. The self esteem of children who do not own a handphone or who possess a basic one wii be affected. Low esteem among students would cause a rift among children. Cliques, jealousy and rivalry would result. This unhealthy situation should not be nurtured in a school. Instea, the school environment should promote equal opprotunities and equal treatment. Another reason for the strong outcry against allowing studentsto bring handphones to school is the animal magnetism it poses. SMSes, games and ringing tones are some of the distractors that take the students attention away from the lesson. Children being children will not be able to resist the temptation of answering calls and move messages when they should be listening to the get winder or class es, the games available on the phone is something the students would resort to after classes to overcome boredom. Apart from diverting students attention, the handphones can threathen the validity of school examinations. Students may cheat durin examinations via text messages. Information or answers can be passed from one student to the next while examiners may be totally negligent of the cheating that happen. Finally, nevertheless adults find it hard to exercise social etiquette and discretion in the use of handphones, therefore children cannot be expected to do any better. disdain explicit messages in movies threatres, at meetings and at formal meetings, we still hear phones ringing away. School administrators and see to it teachers would find it difficult to to effectively prohibit students from use their phones during lessons. If Ministry of Education lifts the toss out on handphones, schools may come up with new rules or guidelines to control the use of the handphone. Ine vitably, teacher will be burdened with the labor movement of monitoring the use and misuse of the handphone. All this is additional stress for teachers who are already loaded with heavy responsibilities. The Malaysian school system has thrived so utmost even with handphones being banned from schools. Why sudden change of heart?http//ngkwdaniel.spaces.live.com/blog/cns61F13D5E0ECD31F0521.entryCell Phones at School Should They Be Allowed?by Maya CohenThe head teacher of whether cell phones should be allowed in schools has been hotly debated over the age. Most school administrations regard cell phone use as disruptive and distracting, and have apply policies that prohibit using them on school grounds. There are benefits to giving your kids cell phones for use outside of school, but before you add them to your family plan, read the pros and consThe ProsYou can be in touch with your children, and know their whereabouts.Your kids can reach you in the event of an emergency, and vice v ersa.If in danger, your children can reach the authorities or a medical exam provider.Phones can be silenced during class or study periods, and active only in appropriate places.Cell phones create a convenience that was previously unavailable. With cell phones, you can easily reach your kids for any reason to ask them questions, change plans, or to simply say hello.The ConsStudents often forget to drama off their phones in class, and ringing noises or text-message alerts disrupt learning.Even if set to silent, cell phones can still cause distraction, since text messaging has become a high-tech method of passing notes in school.Students have been known to use cell phones to call in bomb threats to schools, to avoid or condense class time.In the event of a widespread crisis, rampant cell phone use can overload communication systems and render them inoperable.Student cell phone networks add to the spread of rumors and misinformation, which can be harmful during a widespread crisis.Ph ones can be used as cheating devices during exams.The long-term physical effects of cell phone use are still undetermined.There are compelling arguments on both sides of the debate, and both enthusiasts and critics make convincing blooms. What do you imagine? Take our pollPOLL Should schools allow cell phones?In fact, the real decision regarding cell phones lies with parents. Short of checking each and every backpack, school officials can only enforce cell phone bans if they catch a student with a prohibited device. Would you allow your child to bring a cell phone to school? Share your opinion in our pollhttp//life.familyeducation.com/cellular-telephones/school/51264.htmlBy MALLIKA VASUGIWHEN initial reports about students being allowed to use handphones in schools were first released, many teachers were incredulous. There were already enough problems in schools where the ruling against handphones was strictly enforced. With the lifting of the ban, all hell was bound to break loo se. We shuddered in our staff rooms, imagining the consequences. It was a great relief therefore when the resolve to renew the handphone ban came shortly after that although there were a few raised eyebrows and wry comments passed about the now its on-now its off thing. During the period between the first and second announcements, many letters to the editor were written and opinions given about the ruling both in favour of, and against, the bringing of handphones to schools. While teachers were generally opposed to the idea, some parents were pleased. Times have changed, one parent wrote. We need to keep in touch with our children. How else will they reach us in case of emergencies? http//thestar.com.my/ register/2006/2/5/education/09cartoon.jpgOne colleague remarked, The way some parents go on, you would think their offspring came into the world clutching handphones to their ears. Many teachers laughed quietly when further restrictions on the use of the handphone were outlined. Only during break time, in the canteen or school compound, not during lessons. As teachers smack in the middle of this issue, with first-hand knowledge of the problems caused by handphones despite school rules against it, it is difficult not to be sceptical. Besides being an effective examination cheating tool and major distraction during the teaching-learning process, handphone text messages have in like manner replaced the classic love-letter to the girl in the last row. Thats an understatement, said another friend who is the discipline master in his school. Remember the old school boy travesty of yesteryear involving strategically placed pencil-sharpener mirrors. Just imagine what they can do with camera-phones these days. And do you know what the worst part is? Some of the wayls in the lewd, almost pornographic, camera-phone shots are our students. Makes you wonder what the root of all this moral decadence is, doesnt it? Of course banning the handphone in schools does not m ean all these problems are going to be solved. Cheaters will still cheat and inappropriate behaviour in girl-boy relationships will still continue. Besides, asked another parent, Wouldnt it be unfair to students who genuinely need to have the handphone with them? What about kids with medical problems who need to be in constant contact with their parents? School administrators have never been unaware of this situation and for that reason, there are always teachers on avocation everyday to deal with emergencies such as sending students home, to the hospital, contacting parents and so on. Some schools I know even allow students to bring their handphones to school but they have to turn the phones in to the school authorities throughout the school session. You know what really amazes me? said my discipline teacher friend. Every time we conduct a spot-check and confiscate handphones, parents who have never attended any school function, never turned up on open day to check on their childs progress throughout the school year, are at the school office within half an hour of notification, introduceing with us to return the handphones to their children. Another point brought up by the no handphones in school proponents was the possible feelings of resentment, envy or even feelings of inferiority which may arise when students begin comparing handphone models in schools. Like most of our material possessions that start out as needs, handphones have become a sort of status symbol for some. Parents know this when their teenagers tearfully plead for the over RM1,000 model that every other kid has. Imagine a kid who applies for the Textbook Loan Scheme because his father earns less than RM1,000 a month, session next to a student flashing the latest Nokia N90 which cost his dad RM2,500. Most of us teachers especially, are glad that the issue is finally settled and the ban remains effective. But we know some of the negative comments that are bound to be made by those less sat isfied with the ruling. Teachers should not blame handphones for discipline problems. It is the teachers job to ensure students pay attention in class and do not play with handphones. Teachers should not shirk their responsibilities or pass the buck, and so on and so forth. I wish someone would teach us teachers how to keep a student awake in class when he has been working irregular until 2am to pay for the luxury items he needs, handphones of course being at the top of the list. While we are at that, I likewise wish someone would teach us teachers how to prevent students from using vulgarities in school when they use them all the time at home. Or tell them it is not okay to cheat although this allows them to get what they require. Or that it is morally wrong to flash an expensive Samsung D500 in front of another kid whose parents cannot afford to give him lunch money. http//www.mobile88.com/news/read.asp?file=/2006/2/5/20060205000212sec=cover%20storyBy KAREN CHAPMANPETALING JAYA The Education Ministrys decision to lift the ban on handphones in schools from this year has generally caused an uproar. Director General of Education Datuk Dr Ahamad Sipon cited the increase number of students owning handphones due to cheaper service charges and handsets as the reason for lifting the ban. Basically, the Education Ministry does not privation to prevent the usage of handphones in school. But their use by both teachers and students must be controlled so that the teaching and learning process is not disrupted, he said in a circular. RING IT INYim PhengLets not terror unnecessarily with the lifting of the ban. Lets see what happens first. If there are problems as a result of the directive, I am sure the Education Ministry can then review the situation. Schools should also have their own rules on the matter. SMK La Salle (Petaling Jaya) principal A RajenthranI welcome the ministrys lifting of the ban. We allowed students to bring their handphones last year for conveni ence and security reasons. Many parents want to be able to contact their children. They also want their children to be able to contact them in case of an emergency. We set up a process where students who want to bring their handphones can do so, but they have to first register with us. We cannot run away from the fact that handphones make things extremely convenient these days. Parent Abu Kadir Abdullah, 49All of us in the family keep in touch with each other via handphones, so in this ICT (information and communication technology) age, having handphones will help us transcend faster better. Parent K.K. Wong, 43In this day and age where both parents are busy working until late in the day they have to opine on the handphone to keep in touch with their children in school. It is no more just a gadget to show off, it has become a necessity. Many parents can attest to the fact that it has helped them in their lives. School authorities should make sure students help us communicate faste r and better. CALL IT OFFParent V. GunasekaranI am really scared for my daughter. Some IT savvy boys may take funny pictures of girls and circulate them through the MMS. The Ministry should have a rethink. Senior assistant bloody shame GohWe have a strict ban on handphones. I really dont see a need for students to bring them to school. There are enough open telephones in school and if there is an emergency, they can always use the office telephone. Although we are very strict, and will confiscate the phones if we catch them with one, some still give care to sneak them into school. Its really not a good idea. Principal Suzana AhmadI am concerned because bringing handphones to school will distract students from concentrating on their studies. Students are here to learn but they may be unable to resist the urge to check their phones for messages every now and then. After teaching for many years in urban schools, I can tell you that children in these areas can be very sneaky and may p ut their phones on silent mode in class. Teacher R. UshaI agree it is not a good move. I am worried about the impact on those who do not have handphones. Children from wealthier backgrounds may possess state-of-the-art phones while the poorer ones may have something simpler or none at all. This will cause jealousy and may even result in thefts.http//www.mobile88.com/news/read.asp?file=/2006/1/12/20060112213741sec=news

Effects Of Work Place Ionising Radiation Construction Essay

Effects Of Work Place Ionising radiotherapy Construction EssayThere wealthy person been increased concerns closely the effects of fit impersonate ionising radioactivity on the health and preventative of workers over the years. As we go along, this paper will level and compargon legislation pertaining to work place scene to ionising radiation in Trinidad and Tobago and the European Union.1.1 What is Radiation?Radiation is energy that is transmitted, absorbed or emitted in the material body of particles or a wave.Emissions emanating from radiation be all around us and can be absorbed readily by the human body do adverse health effects. Radiation can be apply to cure diseases and diagnose aliments. It can be transmitted from a variety of sources, be they innate (sun, cosmic, terrestrial, internal radiation or radon) or man-made (power supply, nuclear power plants, industrial activities, light sources, and so on).Radiation can be in the form of Ionising or Non-Ionising. Fo r the purpose of this assignment we shall be discussing Ionising Radiation.1.2 What is Ionising Radiation?Ionising radiation is radiation that is energetic enough when interacting with an atom detaches the electrons causing the atom to become ionized or charged.Ionising radiation can be broken down into three (3) different typesAlpha particles contains two protons and two neutrons and is emitted from uranium or radium, it can be stopped by sheet of paper or skin.Beta particles contains essentially electrons and is emitted from hot elements, it can penetrate the skin. It can be stopped by aluminum foil or plastic.Gamma rays contain pure energy and are similar to x-rays and it is also emitted from isotopes. It can penetrate (pass through) the body and can only be stopped by water, thick concrete or lead.DISCUSSION2.1 Literature reviewFor the purpose of this assignment we will be looking at legislation traffic with work place exposure to Ionising Radiation in Trinidad and Tobago and the United Kingdom.Trinidad and Tobago does not have a special legislation dealing with ionising radiation. The Radiation Protection Working congregation was formulated in 2006 at the request of the Ministry of wellness of Trinidad and Tobago to draft such a legislation, but this have not yet become constabulary. Taking this in mind we therefore look to the Occupational Safety and Health bear Amended 3 of 2006 which is not specific about regulations dealing with work place exposure to ionising radiation.On the other hand, when we look to the United Kingdom for legislation pertaining to ionising radiation, we find a vast source of information ranging from Ionising Radiation regulations 1999 and the Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) linguistic rules 2000. I have chosen to look at the United Kingdom Ionising Radiation Regulations 1999 as it pertains to work place exposure to radiation.2.2 Trinidad and Tobago Occupational Safety and Health scrap Amended 3 of 2006According to the Trinidad and Tobago Occupational Safety and Health ferment Amended 3 of 2006 which states that every employer has a job of care to his employees, he moldinessiness(prenominal) then engross all reasonable practicable steps to turn back the safety, health and welfare of said employees in his employ. In order to accomplish this, the employer must perform a suitable and capable risk assessment to identify all the hazards that an employee will be exposed to while performing a channel or task in his employ. The employer is then required to reduce these risks associated with said hazards to as low as reasonably practicable.The Occupation Safety and Health Act Amended 3 of 2006 states that a code of practice can be adopted by the employer but does not specify, it is left solely to the discretion of the employer. When dealing with work place exposure to ionising radiation the employer can implement the opera hat practice begin used in said field.One such best practice to manage ionising radiation in the workplace, is Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series for health and safety management systems (OHSAS 18001 certification).2.3 United Kingdom Ionising Radiation Regulation 1999The United Kingdom Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 came into broad force in 2000 and replaced the 1995 Ionising Radiations Regulations. This Regulation pertains to ionizing radiation associated with the work place and not from natural sources.The Ionising Radiation Regulations 1999 has forty one(a) (41) regulations arranged in seven (7) parts and nine (9) Schedules, They are as follows dampen 1 Regulations 1 4 Interpretation of terms and General requirements crack up 2 Regulations 5 12 General principles and procedures. Regulations 5 and 6 require employers to notify the HSE if and when working with ionizing radiation, a license must be acquired for working with x-rays, etc. Regulation 7, a risk assessment is required to begin with any work involving radiation c an begin. When all potential hazards have been identified, it is the duty of the employer to take all steps that are reasonably practicable to prevent accidents, limit the consequence if said accident occurs and provide employees with the equipment, training and information to prevent their exposure to ionising radiation. Regulation 8 deals with restriction of exposure, the dose employees or any other persons may be exposed to within any calendar year. It also deals with requirements for fleshly means and written procedures to protect employees. Regulation 9 deals with personal protective equipment it must meet PPE Regulations 1992. And that said equipment must be stored and kept in redeeming(prenominal) working condition. Regulation 10 deals with the maintenance and examination of engineering controls (warning devices, safety features) PPE, etc. Regulation 12 requires employers to prepare contingency plans and rehearsals of said plan.Part 3 Regulations 13 15 deals with the arra ngements for the management of radiation protection. Regulation 13 controls the appointment of radiation protection advisers, which can be contracted by the employer. These advisers have the duty of making local laws for safe conduct of work and ensure proper supervision of work. Regulation 14 deals with general training and information. Regulation 15 requires co-operation amidst employers where by if one organization is at risk because of the operations of other, the exchange of information to ensure full compliance with the Regulation.Part 4 Regulations 16 19 covers designation of controlled and supervised areas and their monitoring. Regulation 17 deals with local rules (written procedures and contingency plans) and the appointment of radiation protection supervisors. Regulation 18 deals with additional requirements for designated areas (warning signs, restrictions on access, dose assessment, radioactive contamination, records for non-classified workers, etc). Regulation 19 req uires the monitoring of designated areas (tests on instruments and keeping records).Part 5 Regulations 20 26 deals with the classification and monitoring of persons. Regulation 20 deals with the designated of classified persons, (those employees who are likely to receive more than the specified dose). Regulation 21 deals with dose assessment and recording for classified persons. Regulation 22 deals with the estimated dose and special entries. Regulation 23 deals with dosimetry (measuring the dose of radiation emitted by a radioactive source) for accidents, etc. Regulation 24 requires medical checkup surveillance to employees (classified persons, non-classified persons and persons about to be classified). Regulation 25 deals with the investigation and notification of overexposure by employers who must keep the record for at least liter (50) years. Regulation 26 deals with modified dose limitation for overexposed employees.Part 6 Regulations 27 33 makes arrangement for the contr ol of radioactive substances, articles and equipment. Regulation 27 states that wherever practically possible all radioactive materials should be in the form of a sealed source. These sealed sources must be tested for leaks every two (2) years and records kept. Regulation 28 requires employers to account for all radioactive substances for two (2) years from date of origination or from the date of tendency. Regulation 29 deals with the keeping and moving of radioactive substances. Regulation 30 requires employers to notify the HSE of indisputable occurrences (i.e. accidental release, loss or theft) and the employer must undertake an investigation to confirm these occurrence or otherwise. This investigation record must be kept for fifty (50) years if such incident never occurred it must be kept for two (2) years. Regulation 31 imposes duties on manufactures, installers and employers in relation to equipment used for medical exposure. Regulation 32 requires employers to investigate a ny defective medical equipment and keep record of the results for fifty (50) years if overexposure has resulted from undergoing treatment. Regulation 33 deals with the misuse or load with sources of ionising radiation, which is prohibited.Part 7 Regulations 34 41 deals with the duties of the employees and miscellaneous provisions. Regulation 34 deals with general duties of the employees (employee must not knowingly expose themselves, where PPE is provided employee must take full advantage of said equipment, must take annual medical examination). Regulation 35 deals with the approval of dosimetry services and issues of certificate by HSE. Regulation 36 deals with defense force on contraventions i.e. (Regulation 6 advance notice to HSE of intent to commence work with radiation, 7 deals with prior risk assessment if not initially met can be complied with at a later date, 27 prevention of leakage suppliers written assurance that the Regulation is fully complied with. Regulation 37 d eals with exemption certificates by HSE if the regulations are not appropriate. Regulation 38 deals with extensions outside Great Britain. Regulation 39 deals with the transition from Ionising Radiation Regulation 1985 to the Ionising Radiation Regulation 1999. Regulation 40 and 41 deals with the modification in relation to the Ministry of Defence and revocation and saving.2.4 TT OSH ACT AMENDED 3 OF 2006 vs. UK IRR 99When we look at the Occupational Safety and Health Act Amended 3 of 2006 compared to the Ionising Radiation Regulations 1999, you have to understand and interpret the Osh Act when dealing with ionising radiation because you cannot say that it does not have legislation about it. It may not be specific but it is there, being ignorant of the law is not an excuse. On the other hand the IRR 99 spells out the law to you when dealing with work place ionising radiation.The Osh Act 2006 does not specify regulations to deal with work place exposure to ionising radiation, whereas the IRR 99 sets out specific regulations about handling, storing, specific dose limitations for employees (women of child bearing age, persons under 18, etc), procedures to follow (system of work, permit to work), accidental release, contingency plans, designated areas, training, monitoring, engineering controls and redesign features.The Osh Act 2006 requires employers to perform a suitable and sufficient risk assessment to identify all hazards associated with tasks undertaken by employees. The IRR 99 specifies that a suitable and sufficient risk assessment must be done before any work with radiation is to commence.The IRR 99 makes specific requirements for the employer to protect his employees from ionising radiation. The Osh Act 2006 is vague on this issue and the responsibility is left solely on the employer to ensure the safety of his employees against ionising radiation and the best practice in that industry is utilized.CONCLUSIONThe United Kingdom Ionising Radiation Regulatio ns 1999 contains certain requirements that must be met on chance assessments and notificationsDose limitationControl methods of radioactive substancesRecord-keepingRegulation of work with ionising radiationSafety of articles and equipmentDosimetry and medical surveillanceMonitoring of ionizing radiationThis Regulation makes reference to the employer, safety representatives, radiation protection advisers and supervisors and the health and safety officers of their roles and responsibilities.Whereas Trinidad and Tobago Occupational Health and Safety Act Amended 3 of 2006 does not specify requirements for work place ionizing radiation. The Act can be interpreted as the employer must take all reasonable practicable steps to ensure safety, health and the welfare of his employees. In accomplishing this, the employer must conduct a suitable and sufficient risk assessment identifying all the hazards that an employee will be exposed to while performing a job or task in his employ. The employe r must then reduce these risks associated with said hazards to as low as reasonably practicable.The United Kingdom IRR 99 Legislation was used as a guide to draft an Ionising Radiation Regulation for Trinidad and Tobago, this, as stated before has not yet become Law. The draft Ionising Radiation Regulation will set outFrame work for emergency preparednessSafety Standards for protection of workers and the general publicRoad Transport RegulationsUse and disposal of radioactive materialsEnvironmental ProtectionContaminated land RegulationsMeasures for safe use of high activity sealed radioactive sources and orphaned sourcesDue to the increase in the use of radiation sources in the industrial and medical sectors, this Regulation is needed to govern the use of ionising radiation in Trinidad and Tobago.Word Count 2100 words

Environmental Causes of Schizotypal Personality Disorder :: essays research papers

The Environmental Causes of Schizotypal Personality DisorderSchizotypal personality disorder (SPD), is considered by some as part of the schizophrenic spectrum. It is characterized by discomfort with other people, peculiar patterns of thinking and behavior, and eccentricity. These may take the form of cognitive or perceptual disturbances. Yet, conflicting schizophrenia, these psychotic symptoms ar not as fully developed as delusions or hallucinations but instead can be characterized as perceptual illusions. A person suffering from SPD might become extremely anxious in social situations, especially those involving strangers. Schizotypal patients to a fault tend to be overly suspicious of others and are not prone to trust others or to relax in their presence. Another characteristic of the disorder is that schizotypes are often odd and eccentric. They often harbor wonky superstitions such as a belief in ESP and many other psychic or paranormal phenomenons that are outside the bound aries of accepted thought. In some cases Schizotypes believe that they possess magical powers, such as the ability to control other people with their thoughts. (Buss 2002)As a result of these symptoms, people diagnosed with SPD throw off great difficulty with social relationships, and are often alienated from mainstream society. This paper aims to investigate the suspected causes of this strange disorder, focusing on environmental and hereditary factors. many recent studies have found a correlation between the use of street drugs and instances of SPD. Researchers in New Zealand found that people who comm and used marihuana were more than three times as likely to develop schizophrenia and or schizotypal disorder later in life. There have been 30 publish enquiry experiments linking cannabis to these disorders. The increase in this evidence during the past decade has been attributed to increases in the potency of marijuana. (Allebeck 1993)Some street drugs are credited with not only increasing the risk of developing SPD, but actually in some cases have triggered the onset of the disorder. SPD and schizophrenia can some times be brought on by heavy use of hallucinogenic drugs, especially LSD but it appears that a person has to have a predisposition towards developing SPD for this to occur. There is also some evidence suggesting that a person suffering from SPD but undergoing treatment can have a relapse episode by taking LSD. crosspatch and PCP are also known to mimic the symptoms of SBD, and can therefore bring about symptoms of the disorder without a previous diagnosis. (Allebeck)Some other research has found that enriched educational, nutritional and social environments substantially lower the risk of developing SPD.

The Three Crusades :: essays research papers

The Three CrusadesThere were collar Crusades and they all took differentroutes from western Europe to Palestine. THE FIRST CRUSADE - The first crusade began in A.D. 1095. Pope Urban II mounted a platform outside the church atClermont, France. The crowd shouted Deus vult in response tothe popes plea. Knights and peasants alike vowed to join theexpedition to the Holy Land. For knights, the Crusade was awelcome chance to prosecute their fighting skills. For peasants,the Crusade meant freedom from feudal bonds while on theCrusade. All were promised immediate salvation in heaven ifthey were killed freeing the Holy Land from non-Christians. fortuity and the possibility of wealth were other reasons tojoin the Crusade. The First Crusade heightened already existinghatred of non-Christians and marked the onset of a long period ofChristian persecution of the Jews. During the First Crusade,which began in A.D. 1096, three armies of Crusader knights andvolunteers traveled separately from west ern Europe to theeastern Mediterranean. On the way, many of them killed Jewsand sometimes massacred entire Jewish communities. Thethree armies finally met in Constantinople in A.D. 1097. Fromthere the Crusaders made their way to Jerusalem, enduring thehardships of desert travel as well as quarrels among theirleaders. In June A.D. 1099, the Crusaders finally reached thecity. afterward the siege of almost two months Jerusalem fell. Crusaders swarmed into the city and killed most of its Muslimand Jewish inhabitants. The success of the First Crusadereinforced the authority of the Church and fortify theself-confidence of western Europeans. The religious zeal of theCrusaders soon cooled, however, and many knights returnedhome. Those who stayed set up feudal states in Syria andPalestine. Contact between the Crusaders and the relativelymore ripe civilizations of the Byzantines and theMuslims would continue for the next 100 years and become majorfactor in ending the cultural isolation of western Europe.THE SECOND CRUSADE - slight than 50 years after the FirstCrusade, the Seljuks conquered part of the Crusader states inPalestine. Pope Eugenius IV called for a Second Crusade toregain the territory. Eloquent sermons by the monk Bernard ofClairvaux persuaded King Louis VII of France and Holy RomanEmperor Conrad III to lead armies to Palestine. The SecondCrusade, which lasted from A.D. 1147 to A.D. 1149, wasunsuccessful. Louis VII and Conrad III quarreled constantly andwere ineffective militarily. They were easily frustrated by theSeljuks.THE THIRD CRUSADE - A diplomatic and forceful leader namedSaladin united the Muslim forces and then captured Jerusalem inA.D. 1187.